India within its landmass, has given shelter to a large number of castes and religious groups with varied culture, sects, economy, political ideologies and religious faiths. All these have made Indian society a highly stratified and complex one. Along with these the biological variations are also highly significant. The critical and detailed analysis of all these will certainly provide adequate knowledge and idea about how these are functioning, and for the deep and detailed analysis, what is essential is first hand detailed data direct from the field. In this book, there are thirty articles of different themes and contributors have made their contribution on different topics and view points. We have spread over the articles in four parts, each part having one particular theme, namely, Part-One: Indigenous and minority Population; Part-Two: Dimension of Human Resource Development Part – Three: Anthropometry and health; Part-Four: Vulnerable and essential of our population. This little mission, we believe will enrich the knowledge of the academicians, scholars and the students to understand the real situation at the grass root level and also help the planners and bureaucrats in realizing the real problems and also help in implementing proper development programmes.