Contents: INTRODUCTION: PART - I PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Introduction History of Plant Tissue Culture Types of Culture Media Constituents of Plant Tissue Culture Preparation of Stock Solution Selection of Explants Aspects Manipulation Incubation of Culture Callus Induction and Maintenance Cell Suspension Culture Production of Secondary Metabolites Somatic Embryogenesis Artificial Seeds or Synthetic Seeds Somaclonal Variation Micropropagation / Clonal Propagation Production of Virus Free Plants Anther Culture Microspore Culture or Pollen Culture Ovary Culture Embryo Culture Protoplast Isolation, Protoplast Fusion and Somatic Hybridisation Cryopreservation / in Vitro Germplasm Preservation Application of Plant Tissue Culture for Crop Improvement PART - II MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Brief History of Molecular Biology Organisation of Cell Organization of DNA DNA Structure Repetitive DNA Organelle Genome Organization of Genes in DNA Molecules DNA Replication (Duplication) DNA Damage DNA Repair Mechanism Central Dogma Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Genetic Code Transcription Translation Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes PART - III RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY History of Genetic Engineering Tools of Genetic Engineering Vectors Gene Constructs Gene Cloning Electrophoresis Screening of Recombinants Sequencing of Genes Vectors for Cloning in Higher Plants Direct Gene Transfer Problems in Gene Transfer Molecular Markers PART - IV ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Environmental Biotechnology PART - V INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Industrial Microbiology PART - VI IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNITY Immunology and Immunity Appendix