The Army Act (1950), the Air Force Act (1950) and the Navy Act (1957) provide a different legal framework for governing three wings of the Indian Armed Forces. These laws are derived primarily from the military laws promulgated by the British to govern the Native Indian Army and specifically after the Great Rebellion in 1857, its provisions were made more severe to serve the purposes of colonial masters. Even 75 years after Independence, several legal provisions followed in the Indian Armed Forces have a colonial footprint. The civilian criminal justice system in India, which has been modernized on the progressive principles of human rights, has been unjustly kept away from the military domain. The wind of change blowing over the military law world over has not permeated the closed prescient of the Indian military justice system. Since 2014, the government has repealed more than 1,500 old and obsolete laws; most of these were remnants of the British Era. However, the military legal system of the Victorian era is yet to see any change. With changing character of war forcing modernization of the three wings including a planned integration, there is a need to have a modern common law for the Indian Armed Forces. It must be based on our constitutional guarantees, changing composition of the armed forces, progressive principles of justice and human rights norms. This book takes a 360 view of the evolution of the Indian Military Legal system and proposes a pragmatic path ahead. Besides the armed forces and paramilitary personnel, this book will be of interest to parliamentarians, jurists, bureaucrats, and members of civil society who are associated with justice and accountability. Contents Preface Section I - Origin of Military Law in India 1. Introduction 2. Origin and Development of Military Law in India Section II - Military Legal System till 1857 3. The Articles of War 1847 4. Military Legal System – Courts Martial 5. Military Legal System for Civil or Non-Military Offence Section III - The Great Rebellion- 1857 6. Administration and Governance: The Bengal Native Infantry 7. Grievances: Bengal Native Sepoys 8. New Cartridge: Immediate Trigger Section IV - Restructuring of Military Law 9. Post-Rebellion Changes in Military Law 10. Military Law in India: A Colonial Footprint 11. Future of Military Law: A Modern Common Code Appendices Select Bibliography Index About the Author: Umesh Chandra Jha, a military veteran, did his PhD in Law and Governance from Jawaharlal Nehru University. He has 30 books and over 150 papers to his credit. His recent books include Chinese Military Legal System: An Analysis, Modern Non-Lethal Weapons: Concepts, Application, Legal and Moral Perspective, Nuclear Weapons: Untangling the Societal Enigma, Biological Weapons, Corona Virus: Weapon of Mass Destruction? and Armed Conflict and Environmental Damage. Kishore Kumar Khera is an independent analyst. He served as a fighter pilot in the Indian Air Force for 33 years. He was a pioneer member of the Composite Battle Response and Analysis (COBRA) Group and headed the Operational Planning and Analysis Group at Air Headquarters. His recent books include Combat Aviation: Flight Path 1968-2018, Modern Non-Lethal Weapons: Concepts, Application, Legal and Moral Perspective, Nuclear Weapons: Untangling the Societal Enigma, and Chinese Military Legal System: An Analysis.