The book analyses sanitation conditions as well as practices and places them in the context of human behaviour and culture. The author identifies intricate issues, explores alternative strategies and generates new knowledge about the prevalence of sanitation in human society from the past to the present. Even though there is a lot of hope offered by PM Modi’s swachh Bharat mission (sbm) sanitation initiative, 65 per cent of India’s population still has no toilet facility. There is increasing evidence that India is heading towards a major sanitation crisis in the coming years. Hence, a holistic approach and an integrated strategy are needed to combat the urgency of the situation. In order to create a ne public discourse on sanitation and also develop positive and sustainable sanitation practices, we need to understand the community outlook towards defecation, clean environment and personal hygiene, theoretically and empirically. Hence, its study needs to be made a part of academic curriculum all over the country. The book also traces the journey of Sulabh, which started with the goal of social and economic liberation of the scavenging community, and has today reached a Phase of disseminating innovations and creating awareness on sanitation and hygiene through mass Communication, education and research. This book calls for a convergence towards the sustainable environmental management model championed by Sulabh international in order to achieve the best of human development and ecological health in the country. This volume will benefit scholars, teachers and policy make Rs immensely.