There exists a significant variation in human fertility behavior particularly between southern and northern states of India. Among the northern states, Uttar Pradesh has the largest population and the highest fertility rate and the state failed to catch up with the others in the fertility transition process. High fertility is one of the important factors, which administers the growth of population in UP. High fertility has adversely influenced the socio-economic, demographic and environmental development of the state. Hence, Fertility estimate for the state of Uttar Pradesh are of particular interest because Uttar Pradesh has the largest population and the highest fertility rate, however the pace of the level of fertility transition in UP has remained relatively unexplored. Much of the research work on fertility and fertility transition is limited to the analysis of fertility at national and state level, but in Uttar Pradesh, district level phenomenon of fertility has not gained much attention so far. Hence, this book is expected to fill this lacuna. In this book an attempt has been made to analyze the pattern, level and determinants of fertility and its transition in UP. The main objective of this book is to give a brief description of fertility changes between 1981 and 2011 and to highlight those aspects of fertility which are very relevant to regional differentiation in fertility during that period. Our focal point is whether the current decline in fertility rates has occurred differentially across districts and what factors are responsible for explaining the inter-district differentials in fertility decline across districts. This study is the first time quantitative empirical assessment of convergence in fertility in the context of UP. The assessment of how different districts and regions are converging in terms of total fertility rate is crucial for understanding the challenges of future fertility decline and convergence in UP. The decline in fertility was caused by several socio-economic and demographic factors. Hence, in this book we have also examined the relationship between fertility decline and the variety of social-economic factors using the panel data set. The analysis of fertility transition and trends for the most populous state of UP, expected to provide some useful insights for policy and programs for fertility decline. Contents: List of Tables and Figures Preface 1. Introduction, Review of Literature and Conceptual Framework 2. Trends in Inter-State Inequality in Fertility: Has there been Convergence? 3. Fertility Trends and Differentials in Uttar Pradesh 4. Fertility Convergence at District Level (1981-2011) 5. Determinants of Fertility: An Empirical Study on District Panel Data 6. Policy and Programmes for Fertility Decline References About the Author: Achala Srivastava did her post graduate in economics from Kumaun University Nainital. She did her Ph.D from GIDS under ICSSR doctoral fellowship. She has also been awarded the ICSSR Post-Doctoral Fellowship. Presently she is working as Senior Research Associate (Project) at the GIDS, Aliganj Lucknow. She has wide experience of research. She has been engaged in research in economics for over two decades and has specialized in the area of regional disparity, demographic issues, women and gender issues. She has published many articles, in different journals and, edited books. She has two books to her credit.