The problem of agricultural development, especially the self-sufficiency in agriculture production in general and food production in particular, has assumed great importance in recent years. This problem can only be solved through increased production of food grains both in surplus, marginal and negative areas. The food grains production can be increased through extension in agriculture, intensification in agriculture, mechanization in agriculture and multiple cropping and cropping patters. The basic problem is to exploit the agricultural resources through improving the investment policies and sources. A proper allocation priority area and cropping patterns need to be decided for a balanced regional food grains production in terms of social justice and well-being of the people. The main purpose of agricultural development planning and of the methods and decisions associated with it should be to help in bringing out a steady increase in agricultural productivity. This unique study on food production and food problems covers all the related aspects of food production for India as a whole and is an outcome of a scheme on various themes and problems of India sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Indian Council of World Affairs.