The essays in this volume represent research by George Cardona that centers on Indian thinking in the domain of grammar (vyākaraṇa). Pride of place is given to Pāṇini’s śabdānuśāsana and its core, the Aṣṭādhyāyī. These essays treat both Pāṇini’s theory and methodology and how these are related to the works of other Indian scholars in fields such as etymology (Yāska’s Nirukta), early padapāṭhas for Vedic saṁhitās (e.g. Śākalya), prātiśākhyas (e.g. Śaunaka’s R̥gvedapratiśākhya), śikṣā, ritual exegesis (mīmāṁsā), and logic (nyāya). Questions of relative chronology are also considered, as well as early Indian treatments of data that reflect historical linguistic developments. Emphasis is placed on philology: close attention to and appreciation of texts and their traditions before going on to a broader theoretical and historical context. Contents: General studies. 1. On attitudes towards language in ancient India. 2. Some contributions of ancient Indian thinkers to linguistics. 3. Old Indic Grammar. 4. Some principles of Panini s grammar. 5. On the structure of Panini s system. 6. Derivation and interpretation in Panini s system. 7. Combinations of upasargas and tinanta forms: lexical versus grammatical positions. 8. Pūrvatrasiddham and asrayat siddham. 9. Panini s karakas: agency, animation and identity. 10. Cause and causal agent: the Paninian view. 11. Panini and Paninīyas on sesa relations. 12. Indian grammarians on adverbs. 13. On Panini s morphophonemic principles. 14. Phonology and phonetics in ancient Indian works: the case of voiced and voiceless elements. 15. Theoretical precedents of the Katantra. 16. Theoretical arguments concerning etymological explanations in Yaska s Nirukta. 17. Mīmaṁsa and the Paninian system. 18. Indian grammatical traditions and historical linguistics. 19. From Vedic to modern Indic languages. 20. Development of nasals in early Indo-Aryan: anunasika and anusvara. 21. Relations between causatives and passives in Indo-Iranian. 22. Vedic causatives. 23. The Indo-Iranian construction mana [mama ] kṛtam. 24. The bhasika accentuation system. 25. The bhasika accent revisited. 26. Ideal and performance in Sanskrit. 28. Panini and padakaras. 29. Segmentation of Vedic texts: padapaṭhas. 30. Paraphrase and sentence analysis: some Indian views. 31. Negations in Paninian rules. 32. Anvaya and vyatireka in Indian grammar. 33. On reasoning from anvaya and vyatireka in early Advaita. 34. A path still taken: Some Indian arguments concerning time. 35. Paninian grammarians on agency and independence.