The term biotechnology was used for the first time by Karl Erkey, a Hungarian Engineer in 1919. Although biotechnology has been an integral part of ancient civilizations as per records, it has evolved into a comprehensive yet elaborate, extensive yet precise and indispensible subject for research being rooted and connected to all basic areas of life sciences in terms of research and analysis. Biotechnology is based on use of biological agents, systems and mechanisms for generation of useful products and services by application of tools and techniques for overall benefit to mankind. It encompasses the intricacies of all branches of life science amalgamating them with broad research areas of environment, agriculture, pollution, drugs and pharmaceuticals, vaccines, detailed structure of bio-molecules and their functions. An altogether new era has dawned upon biotechnology, as a result of which it has endowed and empowered us with novel, modified and improved products. These products have become a source of economic upliftment and development, which are also proved to be foundation stones for industries and capital generation. We are living in the age of genomics which has further evolved into proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics etc. and new branches based on application of software programmes for data research, analysis and interpretation- bioinformatics and biostatistics. Biotechnology thus offers a plethora of opportunities and avenues to people who wish to pursue their career in biotechnology. Keeping this in view, the present book was planned and designed as a source of crisp, concise and complete information under one roof. We hope that the students preparing for different competitive exams find this book helpful and informative for achieving their goal. A sincere effort has been made to present information in short answer type format and multiple choice question format so as to cover the basics, finer points, critical nuggets of information and contemporary news as well. We hope to further such academic endeavors in future and hope for a good response.