Contents: Preface. 1. Positions. 2. Translation as Empowerment: The College of Fort William. 3. Translating Representation: The Problematic of Indian Literature. 4. Translating the Urdu Ghazal: The Classical Contexts of Meer and Ghalib. 5. Translating Modern Urdu Poetry: Creating Canons in Translation. 6. Translating a Form: The Possible/Impossible Ghazal in English. Bibliography. In Translation: Positions and Paradigms is a book of multiple discourses on author, text, translator, reader (and their symbiotic relationships), models of empowerment and new literary cultures. It also engages with the lineage of the Indian author, the genealogy of the Indian text, language as repository of discourse, and translation as a mode of discourse formation. A wide variety of issues such as the problem of translatability, the semantics and morphology of text, and the idea of translation as an interrogative, collaborative and dialogic act are examined in the broader contexts of history, culture and writing. The book traces some of the new shifts in translation studies through the questions it raises