The articles in this compendium, related to India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping, are reproduced as were originally published in the past issues of the USI Journal and other USI publications. They shed light on a variety of topics pertaining to the evolution and expansion of India’s contribution to UNPKO over the span of 60 years. Book has reflections of authors on UN peacekeeping missions in Korea, Congo, Yugoslavia, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Sudan; but most valuable are compilation of talks by Mr Kofi Annan, the then UN Secretary General, and Mr Lakhdar Brahimi, former Foreign Minister, Algeria and head of Brahimi Panel Report, delivered at the USI of India in 2001. These articles reflect the opinions of the authors at the age and time that they lived and not that of either the editor or the USI. Contents Foreword Major General BK Sharma, AVSM, SM** (Retd) Preface Introduction Major General PK Goswami, VSM (Retd) 1 The Custodian Force in Korea Major General SPP Thorat, DSO (1953) 2 Peace-Making and War-Making in the Twentieth Century Mr KM Panikkar (1956) 3 United Nations Force in the Congo Brig IJ Rikhye (1962) 4 United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces Major General IJ Rikhye (1964) 5 When Tshombe Led The UN Troops Situ Mullick (1989) 6 United Nations Peace Keeping Operations in Former Yugoslavia Lt Gen Satish Nambiar, AVMS, VrC (Retd) (1993) 7 UN Peace Keeping - The Naval Dimension Vice Admiral Mihir Roy, PVSM, AVSM (Retd) (1994) 8 Global Flux and Dilemmas in United Nations Peace Keeping Lt General JM Sanderson, AC (1995) 9 United Nations Peacekeeping Operations - A Perspective Lt Gen Satish Nambiar, PVSM, AVSM, Vrc (Retd) (1995) 10 Peacekeeping in Somalia: An Indian Experience Brigadier DP Merchant, AVSM (1996) 11 UN Peacekeeping in the New Millennium Dr Theo-Ben Gurirab (2000) 12 The Challenges of Peacekeeping and Peace Support into the 21st Century: Peacekeeping 2015 – A Perspective Ms. Annika Hilding-Norberg (2000) 13 The Challenges of Peacekeeping and Peace Support General V P Malik, PVSM, AVSM, ADC (Retd) (2000) 14 Emerging Regional Environment: Perspective for Peacekeeping Shri JN Dixit (2000) 15 Preventive Diplomacy as a Tool Shri Prakash Shah (2000) 16 The Role of United Nations in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security His Excellency Mr Kofi Annan (2001) 17 Analysis of the Recommendations of the Brahimi Panel Report Mr Lakhdar Brahimi (2001) 18 Complex Peace Operations: Traditional Premises andNew Realities Mr KanwalSibal (2003) 19 Peace Operations: A Case Study of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Lieutenant Colonel VS Malik (2004) 20 Peacekeeping and its Challenges Mr Jean Marie Guehenno (2005) 21 Robust Peacekeeping Operations, Rapid Deployment Capability for the UN: An Indian Perspective Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar PVSM, AVSM, VrC (Retd) (2006) 22 “Op Khukri” – The United Nations Operation Fought in Sierra Leone Part-I Lieutenant General V K Jetley, PVSM, UYSM (Retd) (2007) 23 “Op Khukri” – The United Nations Operation Fought in Sierra Leone Part-II Lieutenant General V K Jetley, PVSM, UYSM (Retd) (2007) 24 Challenges of Peacebuilding Brigadier Yogesh K Saksena, VSM (Retd) (2007) 25 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea in Hindsight Colonel Sudhir Chauhan, SM (2009) 26 Peacekeeping by Regional Organisations Lieutenant General Vijay Kumar Jetley, PVSM, UYSM (Retd) (2009) 27 Coercive Air Power and Peace Enforcement Air Vice Marshal Manmohan Bahadur, VM (2011) 28 UNMOGIP – A Subcontinental Relic Major Shailender Arya (2013) 29 UN Peacekeeping Operations: Relevance andIndian Contribution? Major General SB Asthana, SM, VSM (2014) 30 India and UN Peace Operations: Security Sector Reforms AmbAsokeMukerji (Retd) and Lt Gen Chander Prakash (Retd) (2016) 31 UNPKO and Military Contributions: Challenges and Opportunities for Asia-Pacific Governments - Major General AK Bardalai, VSM (Retd) (2017) 32 Maintaining International Peace and Security through United Nations Peacekeeping Shri Asoke Kumar Mukerji, IFS (Retd) (2017) 33 Decision Dilemma in UN Peacekeeping Operations Lieutenant Colonel RR Laddha (2017) 34 China’s Expanding Role in United Nations (UN) Peacekeeping Col Shailender Arya (2021) 35 UN peacekeepers as Hostages: Causes, Existing Frame Work and UN Strategy Col (Dr) KK Sharma (Retd) (2021) 36 Dynamics of the Composition of Troops and Diversity and Military Culture - Views of an Academician Dr Chiara Ruffa (2021) 37 Diversity in UN Peace Operations: A Challenge toEffectiveness Major General (Dr) AK Bardalai (Retd) (2021) 38 Dynamics of Cultural, Social and Military Ethos – Perspective of an Indian Contingent Commander Colonel K Kekre (2021) 39 Challenges to UN Peacebuilding Major General (Dr) AK Bardalai (Retd) (2021) 40 Protection of Civilians Mr David Haeri (2021) 41 Protection of Civilians: Concept and the Core Obligationof the UN Dr Ali Ahmed (2021) 42 Protection of Civilians: Challenges of Divergent Foci of the Stakeholders Dr Cedric de Coning (2021) 43 Role of UN Observer Mission: Experience of Cold War Peacekeeping and Relevance in The Ukraine Crisis Major General (Dr) AK Bardalai (Retd) (2022) 44 Reminiscences on the Evolution of the Women Peace and Security Agenda: The Backstory Amb Lakshmi Puri (2022) 45 More Women in UN Peace operations – An Agenda for New Peace Operations Col (Dr) KK Sharma (2022) 46 Challenges of Mission Leadership: Perspective of a former FC and Deputy SRSG (Deputy HoM) of UNMIS Lt Gen JS Lidder, UYSM, AVSM (Retd) (2022) 47 Challenges of Mission Leadership: Perspective of DyHoM and Director of Political and Civil Affairs of UNIFIL Jack Christofide (2022) 48 Effectiveness of Protection mandate and Training of Peacekeepers, Lessons from EPON Studies Col (Dr) KK Sharma (2022) 49 Operational Art in Peace Operations: Balancing the Peace Triangle Dr Ali Ahmed (2022) 50 UN Peacekeeping and Conflict Management: Is There an Option for Ukraine? Major General (Dr) AK Bardalai (Retd) (2022) About the Editor: Major General PK Goswami, VSM (Retd) was commissioned into Regiment of Artillery (Air Defence Branch), Indian Army, on 11 June 1977. Besides holding commanded and staff appointments, he was deputed as Military Observer with United Nations Verification Mission at Angola. He was a Senior Faculty at National Defence College, New Delhi and represented National Defence College, India at 16th ASEAN Regional Forum for Heads of Defence Universities, Colleges and Institutions at Beijing, China in November 2012. Post retirement, he was Distinguished Fellow at the United Service Institution of India, New Delhi and closely associated with conceptualisation and conduct of Strategic Gamming Exercises at National Defence College and Army War College. He regularly participates in discussions on strategic and UN matters at USI, diplomatic missions in India, Service Headquarters and was part of USI delegations to France, Vietnam, Abu Dhabi and UN HQ New York. Presently he is Deputy Director at the United Service Institution of India and also Head of USI UN Cell.