This book details on the handpicked modern and contemporary Indian thinkers, and their creative attempt to respond to challenges of modern times by revisiting and reinterpreting the classical Indian thought together with adapting suitable western ideological inputs. Question of tradition and modernity rocked the minds of the thinkers of the given period compelling each one to effectively face the challenges in their own milieu, socio-economic political-academic-religious-spiritual-cultural contexts. Schooled in classical philosophical thought, loaded heavily by medieval devotional beliefs and practices, and now challenged by modern ideas in colonial and post-colonial periods, these thinkers and activists have critically analysed both their own cherished traditions and that of others. Varied are their responses in plural contexts, with ever widening horizon. An attempt is made by the author to mark their thoughts relevant to the contemporary times enabling the readers to respond creatively in a given context with renewed thinking. Contents Introduction: India in the Modern Period 1. Religious and Social Reformists 2. Neo-Traditionists 3. Nationalists 4. Humanists and Socialists 5. Subaltern Thinkers 6. Academic Philosophers 7. Religious and Spiritual Masters (Gurus) 8. Indian Christian Thinkers 9. Modern-Contemporary Indian Thinkers: A General Assessment Select Bibliography Some Questions for Reflection