Contents: 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Genesis of ‘quarantine’ 1.2 Major responsibilities of plant quarantine 1.3 Back ground of Plant Quarantine Order, 2003 1.4 History of plant quarantine regulations 1.5 Origin of International PQ Agreements 1.6 Plant Quarantine Order, 2003 1.7 Plant quarantine structure, set up and policy in India 1.8 International agencies involved in plant quarantine 1.8.1 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) 1.8. 2 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission ( APPPC) 1.8.3 . North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) 1.8. 4 Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO) 1.8. 5. Near East Plant Protection Organization (NEPPO) 1.8. 6. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 1.8. 7. Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO) 1.9 National agencies involved in Plant Quarantine 1.9.1 Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (DPP) 1.9. 2 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) 1.9.3 Crop Specific Research Institutes of Indian Council of Agricultural Research 1.9.4 Online plant quarantine services in India 1.9.5 Problems with the Quarantine System in India 1.9.6 Some common terminologies used in Plant Quarantine 1.9.7 Some common terminologies used in Phytosanitary Regulation 1.9.8 Acronyms 1.9.9 Quarantine procedures 1.10.1 Establishing quarantine facilities 1.10.2 Plant pathology quarantine laboratory 1.10.3 Laboratory equipments 2.HISTORY OF PLANT QUARANTINE 2.1 Origin of the concept of Quarantine 2.2 Origin of International Plant Quarantine Agreements 2.3 International Cooperation – Finding solutions through mutual interests 2.4 History of plant quarantine in India 2.5 Gaps in border controls are related to quarantine alien insect invasions 2.6 Exotic plant quarantine pests and procedures for the introduction of plant materials 2.7 Different classes of quarantine 2.8 EPPO alert list of pests 2.8.1 Insects and mites 2.8.2 Exclusive insects 2.8.3 Fungi and fungus-like 2.8.4 Bacteria and phytoplasma 2.8.5 Viruses and viroids 2.8.6 Nematodes 2.8.7 Weeds and invasive plants 3.DOMESTIC PLANT QUARANTINE 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Surveillance techniques to detect quarantine pests 3.3 Perspectives 3.4 Case study: Late blight of potato 3.5 Definitions & Terms 3.6 Review of domestic quarantine regulations 3.7 Technical issues 3.8 Developments in phytosanitary regulation in India 3.9 Mobile application for plant quarantine regulations to import in India 3.10 Public awareness and cooperation in plant quarantine 4.PLANT QUARANTINE ACT 4.1 Laws and Acts 4.2 The Destructive Insects And Pests (Amendment And Validation) Act, 1992 No.12 OF 1992 [31ST March, 1992.] 4.3 The Destructive Insects And Pests Act, 1914 : Act No. II OF 1914 4.4 Plant Quarantine Act 1997 - In Brief 4.5 Plant quarantine organization chart (In descending order) 4.6 National Plant Quarantine System for Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) 4.7 Obtaining ‘No Objection’ certificate from plant quarantine department 4.8 Importing plants into India: Processes and challenges 5. PRE-ENTRY AND POST ENTRY QUARANTINE 5.1 Import permit 5.2 Notified points of entry 5.3 Indian framework 5.4 National plant quarantine set-up 5.5 Issues in International exchange of plant germplasm 5.6 Articles 5.7 Plant Quarantine Produce Inspection 5.8 Pest detection & Identification 5.9 Sample Submission Form 5.10 Imports and exports inspection: Agricultural produce exporting requirements 5.11 Post-Entry Quarantine (PEQ) 5.12 Criteria for approval and certification of PEQ facilities 5.13 Quarantine inspection/ Release of plants/plant material & Regulated articles at the Port 5.14 Notification of non-compliance & emergency action 5.15 Export inspection & certification 5.16 Import 5.17 Recommendations to prevent the entrance of quarantine plant diseases of major economic importance for banana and pineapple 6. SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES 6.1 Implementation of SPS measures in India 6.2 Phytosanitary Certificate 6.3 History of WTO-SPS 6.4 SPS as a trade barrier 6.5 Situation in India 6.6 Obtaining a Phytosanitary Certificate for export shipments 6.7 Considerations for importing 6.8 Phytosanitary certificates 6.9 National Standards and Accredited Agencies 6.10 Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE) 6.11 Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System (PCIT) 6.12 Strategic goals 6.13 National Standards and Accredited Agencies 6.14 Plant quarantine organizations in India 6.15 Quarantine philosophy and practice 6.16 Quarantines, phytosanitary measures and plant health 6.17 Modern laws – Risk analysis becomes a legal obligation 6.18 Pesticide Legislation in India 6.19 Terms used in phytosanitary measures 7. PLANT PESTS AND QUARANTINE 7.1 Significance 7.2 Important pathogens and pests intercepted on introduced seeds/planting materials at NBPGR 7.3 International and national level quarantine diseases 7.4 History of insect quarantine 7.5 Some looming insect pest threats to India in near future 7.6 Agencies involved in plant quarantine in India 7.7 Provisional quarantine pest / disease list: 7.8 Incidence of some insects / diseases on crops 7.9 Regulated pests of Non-Quarantine Significance 7.10 Important milestones in Quarantine 7.11 Germplasm handling at NBPGR 7.12 Invasion of insect pests 7.13 Inspection procedures followed in quarantine station 7.14 Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in India 7.15 Methodology for detection and identification of diseases 7.16 Regulation of genome engineering technologies in India 7.17 Invasive Alien Species in India and Related Policy Initiatives 7.18 Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage (PPQS) 7.19 Locust swarm in India 7.20 Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in India 8.NURSERY INSPECTION AND PLANT QUARANTINE 8.1 Nursery inspection programs 8.2 Nursery stock registration and certification programs 8.3 Nursery license / Registration / Certification Information 8.4 Inspection procedures 8.5 Import and Schedules 8.6 Certification protocols 9. QUARANTINE PESTS AND DETECTION 9.1 Quarantine pest 9.2 Plant pathogens intercepted in Imported Commodities 9.3 Regulated Non‐quarantine Pests (RNQPs) 9.4 Regulated pest 9.5 Prohibited materials 9.6 Restricted materials 9.7 Import Permit 9.8 Quarantine Pest Detection 9.9 Detection procedures 9.10 New detection technologies 9.11 Detection of insect pests in quarantine 9.12 Internet-based bioinformatics toolkit: 9.13 Next generation sequencing as the new standard for quarantine testing 9.14 Pest surveillance for detecting quarantine pests 9.14.1 Multimedia expert system of plant quarantine pests identification (PQ- Pick Bugs) 9.15 Services rendered by pathology division 9.16 Biosecurity implications 10. STRENGTHENING & MODERNISATION OF PLANT QUARANTINE FACILITIES (SMPQF) IN INDIA 10.1 Objectives and strategies 10.2 Present Setup 10.3 Dispute settlement and jurisprudence 10.4 Plant quarantine structure and policy in India 10.5 New plant quarantine regulation /Order 10.6 Enhancement of plant quarantine facilities and activates 10.7 Monitoring of pesticide residues at National level 10.8 Import and export policies 10.9 Plant protection station and India’s quarantine system 10.10 Raising public awareness of quarantine and emerging pests 10.11 Current trends in Quarantine Entomology 10.12 Regulatory Entomology 10.13 Forest pest basics 10.14 Biosurveillance 11.NEMATODES OF QUARANTINE IMPORTANCE 11.1 Nematodes of quarantine importance specific to crop and country 11.2 Nematodes of quarantine significance across the Globe 11.2.1. Near East countries: 11.2.2 United States 11.2.3 Australia 11.2.4 Taiwan 11.2.5 Belgium and the Netherlands 11.2.6 Netherlands 11.2.7 South Africa 11.2.8 China 11.2.9 Japan 11.2.10 United Kingdom 11.2.11 Indonesia 11.2.12 Poland 11.2.13 Canada 11.2.14 USSR 11.2.15 India 11.3 Legislation against phytonematodes 11.4 Challenges for laboratories involved in phytonematode diagnostics 11.5 Nematodes under Quarantine Act 11.6 Procedure for quarantine inspection for nematodes 11.7 Avoidance of infiltration of nematodes / restrict the spread 12.PEST RISK ANALYSIS 12.1 PRA tool 12.2 The role of Pest Risk Analysis 12.3 PRA and International Plant Protection Convention 12.4 DEFRA's (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) approach to Pest Risk Analysis 12.5 Action plan for PRA 12.6 Policy for the control of Invasive Alien Species in India and related policy initiatives 12.7 Pest Risk Analysis in plant quarantine 12.7.1 Stages in PRA 12.7.2 Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment 12.7.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management 12.8 Aspects common to all PRA stages 12.9 Development of a PRA for Phytophthora ramorum for the European Union 12.10 ‘Measures’ 12.11 Commodity PRA 12.12 Options of international standards PRA 12.13 Overall PRA strategy 12.14 PRA- Case studies 12.14.1 Fungal plant pathogens 12.14.2 Bacterial plant pathogens 12.14.3 Viral diseases 12.14. 4 Phytonematodes 12.15 Weed Risk Assessment 12.15.1 Conceptual phases in the invasion of a weed 12.15.2 Limitations of Weed-Risk Assessment 12.15.3 Indian Weed Risk Assessment system 12.15.4 The Australian Weed Risk Assessment system 12.16 Insect Risk Assessment -Case studies 12.16.1. Bark and wood borers 12.16.2 Helicoverpa armigera 12.16.3 Wheat Stem Sawfly 12.16.4 Cereal aphids 12.16.5 Entomophagous arthropods 12.17 Risk management considerations- International standards for phytosanitary measures 12.18 Risk management decision and option 12.19 Pest Risk Analysis request form 12.20 Options preventing or reducing infestation in the crop bibliography