Plant Tissue Culture, Second Edition is accompanied with new exercises demonstrating new arrays along with information on development of a customized protocol for protoplast isolation, suspension, haploid cultures, secondary metabolite production, and cryopreservation techniques. All experimental systems are written clear and easy-to-understand manner with the text being well-documented along with detailed drawings containing the plant tissue culture requirements for each particular application. Besides addressing recent advancements on wide variety of topics of Plant Tissue Culture, it gives the practical and technical knowledge required to train the next generation of plant scientists regardless of their ultimate specialization. It includes the complements of both theory and experiments. Plant Scientists, teachers and students will benefit greatly from this clearly presented tissue culture techniques that guides reader from lab setup to supplies, stock solution and media preparation, measurements, explant selection and disinfestations, along with their experimental observations. Table of Contents 1. History of Plant Tissue Culture 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Totipotency of the Cells 1.3. Morphogenesis 1.4. History of Plant Tissue Culture 1.5. Applications of Plant Tissue Culture 1.6. Terminology 1.7. Books for Further Reading 2. Laboratory Requirements for Plant Tissue Culture 2.1. Laboratory Organization 3. Tissue Culture Media 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Media Composition 3.3. Media Preparation 3.4. Commonly used Concentrations in Tissue Culture 4. Methods of Sterilization 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Sterilization by Heat 4.3. Filter Sterilization 4.4. Chemicals 4.5. Infrared Radiation 4.6. Surfactants 4.7. Antibiotics for Control of Bacterial and Fungal Contaminants 4.8. Maintenance of Aseptic Conditions 4.9. Surface Sterilization of Explant 4.10. Transfer of An Explant 5. Cell and Suspension Culture 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Procedure for Cell and Suspension Culture 5.3. Establishment of Cell Suspension Culture 5.4. Cell Suspension Culture and Cell Growth 5.5. Formation of Somatic Embryos and Plant Regeneration 5.6. Types of Suspension Cultures 5.7. Growth Patterns in Suspension Culture 5.8. Measurement of Cell Growth in Suspension Cultures 5.9. Synchronization of Suspension Cell Cultures 5.10. Technique for Single Cell Culture 5.11. Tests for Viability of Cultured Cells 5.12. Advantages of Cell and Suspension Culture 5.13. Plant Cell Reactors 5.14. Immobilized Plant Cell Reactors 5.15. Culture of Isolated Single Cells 6. Somatic Embryogenesis 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Some Examples of Somatic Embryogenesis 6.3. Theories on Embryogenesis 6.4. Factors Affecting Somatic Embryogenesis 6.5. Anatomy and Cytology to Somatic Embryo Development 7. Synthetic Seeds 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Encapsulation 7.3. Production of Artificial Seeds 7.4. Applications 7.5. Limitations 7.6. Uses of Artificial Seeds 7.7. Reference 8. Micropropagation of Higher Plants 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Somatic Cell Embryogenesis 8.3. Production of Adventitious Shoots and Related Organs 8.4. Enhanced Axillary Branching 8.5. Steps Involved in Plant Multiplication 8.6. Buds Culture 8.7. Factors Affecting Micropropagation 8.8. Micropropagation of Ornamental Plants 8.9. Advantages of Micropropagation 9. Haploid Production 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Anther Culture 9.3. Pollen Culture 9.4. Comparison between Anther and Pollen Cultures 9.5. Significance of Uses of Haploids 9.6. Limitations 9.7. Gynogenesis 9.8. Bulbosum Technique 10. Nucellus Culture, Ovule Culture, Ovary Culture and Flower Culture 10.1. Nucellus Culture 10.2. Ovule Culture 10.3. Ovary Culture 10.4. Flower Culture 11. Embryo and Endosperm Culture 11.1. Embryo Culture 11.2. Endosperm Culture 12. Protoplast Culture and Somatic Hybridization 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Sources of Protoplasts 12.3. Isolation of Protoplasts 12.4. Culture of Protoplasts 12.5. Applications 12.6. Protoplast Fusion and Somatic Hybridization 12.7. Cybrids 12.8. Applications 13. Somaclonal Variations 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Origin of Somaclonal Variation 13.3. Isolation of Variants 13.4. Gametoclonal Variation 14. Germplasm Conservation 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Determination of Cell Survival 14.3. Action of Cryoprotectants 14.4. Factors Affecting Revival of Frozen Cells 14.5. Applications 15. Production of Secondary Metabolites Through Tissue Culture 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Types of Cultures 15.3. Bioreactors 15.4. Cell Immobilization 15.5. Improving the Product Quality and Quantity 15.6. Commercial Production 15.7. Characteristics of Plant Cells in Suspension Culture 15.8. Factors Affecting Secondary Metabolite Production in Cell Suspension Cultures 15.9. Ways to Increase Product Formation 16. Isolation of Mutants From Cell Culture 16.1. Introduction 17. Practicals