The MEI@ND has undertaken this volume towards encouraging and shaping young and budding scholars of Middle East studies. This is the second volume in the series followed by the first on Islamic Movements in the Middle East published in 2019. The volume is not an exhaustive work on all aspects of political violence in MENA. Instead, it provides insights into specific instances of political violence and examines their causes and consequences within a specific time and space. The volume comprises nine chapters encompassing important regional countries such as Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Libya and Yemen. The introductory chapter puts the context for the causes and consequences of political violence for a better comprehension of the issue. This volume is an invaluable companion for the academia, students of international relations and Middle East studies, and the general readership as well. P R Kumaraswamy and Md. Muddassir Quamar: P R Kumaraswamy is a Professor of Contemporary Middle East Studies in Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi and Honorary Director of Middle East Institute, New Delhi (MEI@ND). Md. Muddassir Quamar is an Associate Fellow in the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi. Contents Acknowledgements Contributors 1. Introduction P R Kumaraswamy and Md. Muddassir Quamar 2. Political Violence or Violent Politics? Libya in Contemporary Times Amna Sunmbul 3. From Local to International Conflict: An Assessment of the Syrian Crisis Lakshmi Priya 4. Salafists in Egyptian Politics: Al-Nour since 2011 Paulami Sanyal 5. The Green Movement in Iran Rashmi Muraleedhar 6. Egypt at Crossroads: Muslim Brotherhood and Post-Mubarak Political Process Arshad 7. The Role of Hezbollah in Syrian Civil War Hirak Jyoti Das 8. Jihadi Terrorism: A Case Study of AQAP Jatin Kumar 9. Trajectory of the Sadrist Movement in Iraq Yasir Ali Mirza 10. Houthi Uprising and Normalisation of Violence in Yemen Parnika Praleya