Public-private-partnership (PPP) is a mode of providing public infrastructure and services by the government in partnership with the private sector. It is a long-term arrangement between government and private sector entities for the provision of public utilities and services. In view of the investments made by private sector entities, there are risk-sharing and performance-linked payments made by the government to the private entities. PPP concessions can either be sustained by user charges collected by the concessionaire or through annuity payments made by the government. In case annuity payments are made, they are typically borne by the government out of the annual budgetary allocations spread over time and are essentially in the nature of deferred budgetary payments. This book explains and examines comprehensively the role, design, structure, and execution of PPP projects in the course of economic development of a country. It addresses a range of matters associated with PPPs from policy considerations to implementation issues. The book is spread over 15 chapters which have been organized into 2 parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 7) is devoted to theoretical issues involved in using PPP as a tool of project financing and hence economic development. Part II (chapters 8 to 15) explains and examines the role of PPP in various sectors of the Indian economy such as energy sector, transport sector, telecommunications and information technology (IT), urban infrastructure and services, and healthcare services. An appendix, bibliography and index also form part of the book. The book is meant for a cross-section of readers interested in understanding the design and execution of PPP strategies and projects in the context of development finance. CONTENTS Part I: Public-Private-Partnership (PPP): Theoretical Settings 1. Meaning and Rationale of PPP 1.1 Commercialisation of Public Utilities and Services 1.2 Origin of PPP Approach 1.3 Definitional Aspects of PPP 1.4 What is not a PPP? 1.5 Difference between PPP and Privatization 1.6 Key Characteristics of a Typical PPP 1.7 Sectors/Activities Amenable to PPP 2. Objectives, Benefits and Problems of PPP 2.1 Objectives of PPP 2.2 Benefits of PPP Approach 2.3 Requisites for the Success of PPP Projects 2.4 Role of Private Sector Partners in PPP Projects 2.5 Issues/Problems in PPP 3. Identification of Sectors for PPP 3.1 Technical Issues 3.2 Legal, Regulatory and Policy Frameworks 3.3 Institutional and Capacity Status 3.4 Commercial, Financial and Economic Issues 3.5 Consultations with Stakeholders 3.6 Realistic Sector Strategy and Road Map 3.7 Government Commitment and a Designated Key Person 4. Types and Formats of PPP Contracts 4.1 Service Contracts 4.2 Management Contracts 4.3 Lease Contracts or Affermage 4.4 Concessions 4.5 Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) 4.6 Joint Ventures 4.7 Hybrid Arrangements 4.8 Selecting the Appropriate Option 5. Preparatory Work for PPP Projects 5.1 Legal and Regulatory Frameworks 5.2 Technical Preparations 5.3 Readiness of Institutional Set-up 5.4 Commercial, Financial and Economic Preparations 5.5 Involvement of Stakeholders 5.6 Inclusion of Local Partners 5.7 Labour Considerations 6. Implementation and Monitoring of PPP Projects 6.1 Collecting Feedback from Potential Bidders 6.2 Notification and Pre-qualification 6.3 Procurement Process 6.4 Bid Evaluation Process 6.5 Bid Package 6.6 Essential Elements of a Contract 6.7 Negotiations and Contract Start 6.8 Key Implementation Issues 6.9 Measuring, Monitoring, and Reporting on PPP Projects 7. Poor-friendly Aspects of PPP 7.1 Poor-friendly Characteristics of PPP Options 7.2 Poor-friendly Interventions 7.3 Output-Based Aid (OBA) Contracts Part II: Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) Model in India 8. Institutional and Financial Support for PPP in India 8.1 Economic and Social Infrastructure Deficit in India 8.2 Importance of PPP for Infrastructure Development 8.3 Origin and Evolution of PPP Model in India 8.4 PPP Cell in the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) 8.5 NITI Aayog 8.6 Summary of Initiatives by the Government of India to Promote PPPs 9. Electricity, Coal, and Petroleum 9.1 Legal/Institutional Framework for Energy Management 9.2 Electricity Policy Reforms and Private Sector 9.3 Coal Mining 9.4 Private Players in Petroleum and Natural Gas 10. Railways, Roads, Shipping and Civil Aviation 10.1 Indian Railways 10.2 Roads and Road Transport 10.3 Ports and Shipping 10.4 Civil Aviation 11. Telecommunications and Information Technology (IT) 11.1 Post-Independence Telecommunications Policy 11.2 National Digital Communications Policy (NDCP), 2018 11.3 Telecom Infrastructure 11.4 Citizen and Customer-centric Measures 11.5 Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) 11.6 Information Technology (IT) and IT-Enabled Services 11.7 Information Technology Act (ITA), 2000 11.8 Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meity) 11.9 India as Destination for Outsourcing IT and IT-enabled Services 12. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 12.1 Economics of SEZs 12.2 Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 12.3 Approval Mechanism and Administrative Set-up of SEZs 12.4 Criteria for Approval 12.5 Incentives and Facilities 12.6 Apprehensions and Concerns 13. Urban Infrastructure and Services 13.1 Rising Urbanization in India and its Consequences 13.2 Features of Urban Infrastructure Services 13.3 Privatisation of Municipal Services 13.4 Urban Housing 13.5 Slum Clearance/Development 13.6 Urban Transport 13.7 Urban Water Supply 14. Healthcare Services 14.1 Importance of Health 14.2 Current Health Services Scenario in India 14.3 Growth of Private Sector in Healthcare 14.4 Public versus Private Hospitals 14.5 Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) in Healthcare 14.6 Case for PPP in Health Sector 14.7 PPP in the Indian Health Sector 15. Impediments and Challenges to PPP Model in India 15.1 Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Institutional Issues 15.2 Financing Issues and Viability Constraints. 15.3 Capacity and Procedural Challenges 15.4 Slowdown of PPP Projects 15.5 Public-Private-Partnership: A Critique Appendix: Report of the Committee on Revisiting and Revitalising the PPP Model of Infrastructure Development, 2015: Highlights and Recommendations Bibliography Index