In the present book "Soil and Applied Microbiology" subject matter has been presented through nineteen chapters and four units. The first unit soil microbiology briefly explains introduction to soil microbiology, history and development of soil microbiology, distribution and importance of microorganisms, diversity of uncultivable microorganism – metagenomic approach, rhizosphere and its importance, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, plant – microbe interactions and bio-geochemical cycling. The next unit environmental microbiology deals with introduction to environmental microbiology, soil microorganisms in biodegradation of pesticides and herbicides, biogas production, biodegradable plastics and bioremediation. The third unit food microbiology describes microorganisms associated with food & dairy products. Biofertilizer, microbial agents, microbial products, antibiotics – microorganisms involved & importance and biosensor are depicted in unit fourth. The book will be immense value for students, teachers, researchers, microbiologists, biotechnologist and other people interested in soil and applied microbiology.