Text Book on Wood Products and Utilization
$56.00
Author: | M P Divya, K T Parthiban, M Packialakshmi and S Krishnamoorthi |
ISBN 13: | 9789392590795 |
Binding: | Hardbound |
Language: | English |
Year: | 2022 |
Subject: | Botanical Science/Forestry |
About the Book
Forests play vital role in the socio-economic development of the country in terms of productive, protective and bio-aesthetic aspects. Forest and trees play unique role in the cultural and religious life of the country. This besides supplying wide range of products and it also helps to ameliorate soil and climate, improves water supply and control flood and drought. Though there are few literatures and books are available, these must be organized in the form of a text book for use by forestry graduates and also by the practicing foresters. This book has been designed with 16 chapters which covers the status of Indian forests, export, import of wood, demand and supply of wood in India, Timber transit rules in India , EXIM policy for Wood and Wood Products ,Wood based industries, Grading of timber Wood conversion, Wood seasoning, Wood Preservation, Wood modification , Structural uses of timber Composite wood , Wood adhesives and polymers , Wood energy , Use of Nanotechnology in wood products, Production technology of Value added Products from wood and its application. In a holistic perspective, the information furnished in this book will definitely act as ready reckoner for the faculty who teaches a course on Wood Products and Utilization for Undergraduate and Post graduate students and also for the students for writing competitive examinations.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1–3
Status of Forests in India 1
Export and Import of Wood in India 1
Demand and Supply of Wood in India 2
2. TIMBER TRANSIT RULES IN INDIA 4–20
Timber Transit Rules in different states of India 7
National Transit Pass System (NTPS) 20
Key features and functionalities of National Transit Pass System 20
Key benefits of National Transit Pass System 21
3. EXIM POLICY FOR WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS 24–33
Trade Policy 25
Export policy for export of wood and wood products 25
4. WOOD BASED INDUSTRIES 34–49
Pulp and Paper Industry 34
Match Wood Industry 39
Pencil Industry 40
Furniture Industry 44
Sports Goods Industry 45
5. GRADING OF WOOD 50–62
Present Systems of Grading in India 51
Types of Grading 51
Structural and Stress Grading 51
Commercial Grading 52
Grading Rules for Teak 55
Grading Rules for Sandal 58
Grading Rules for Rosewood 59
Text book of Wood Products vi and Utilization
Specifications on Grading and Rational use of Timber 61
Terminologies 61
6. WOOD CONVERSION 63–72
Primary Conversion 65
Basic Operation of Saw mill 65
Classification of Sawmill 65
Portable sawmill 65
Permanent sawmill 66
Types of Saw for initial conversion of logs 67
Log band saw 67
Frame saw 67
Circular saw 67
Resaw 67
Secondary Conversion 68
Working principle of wood working machines 68
Surfacing machine 68
Thicknessing machine 68
Over and under planer 69
Band scroll sawing machine 69
Spindle irregular moulding machine 69
Power feed matching and moulding machine 69
Tenoning machine 69
Mortising machine 69
Boring machine 69
Nailing machine 70
Dovetailing machine 71
7. WOOD SEASONING 73–98
Principles of Wood Seasoning 74
Classification of Timbers for Seasoning 76
Seasoning Methods 77
Air seasoning 77
Principles of stacking 77
Types of stacking 78
Horizontal stacking 78
Vertical stacking 81
Timber seasoning yards 81
Air seasoning sheds 82
End coating compositions 83
Contents vii
Kiln seasoning 83
Design features of kilns 84
Operational classification of kilns 86
Progressive kilns 86
Compartment kilns 87
Types of compartment kilns 87
Steam heated, overhead internal fan, reversible air
circulation kiln 87
Side mounted internal fan kilns 88
End mounted fan kilns 89
Wood waste fired furnace kilns 89
Electrically heated, side mounted internal fan kilns 90
Dehumidification kilns 90
FRI solar kilns 90
Specialized seasoning methods 92
High temperature drying 93
Solvent seasoning 93
High frequency drying 93
Vapour drying 93
Vacuum drying 93
Microwave drying 93
Kiln drying schedule 94
Seasoning behaviour of Indian timbers 97
8. WOOD PRESERVATION 99–112
Types of Wood Preservatives 100
Preservation Methods 102
Non-pressure Methods 103
Steeping 103
Diffusion processes 103
Normal diffusion process 103
Hot-soak process 104
Steam quenching followed by diffusion 104
Momentry dip process 104
Sap displacement processes 105
Boucherie and modified boucherie 105
Hot and cold process 107
Pressure methods 107
Full cell process 107
Modified full cell process 108
Text book of Wood Products viii and Utilization
Empty cell process 108
Lowry process 108
Reuping process 109
Alternate pressure method 109
Boulton process 110
Wood preservation for special purposes 110
Railway sleepers 110
Wooden poles 110
Mine timber 110
Marine timber 110
Joinery 111
Wood preservative treatment for Indian timbers 111
9. WOOD MODIFICATION 113–123
Wood Modification Methods 114
Chemical modification 114
Thermal modification 114
Enzymatic or surface modification 115
Impregnation modification 115
Improved Wood 116
Impregnated wood: 117
Compressed wood 117
Compregnated wood 118
Heat stabilized wood 119
Heat stabilized compressed wood 120
Chemically modified wood 120
10. STRUCTURAL USES OF TIMBER 124–143
Building 124
Bridges 136
Scaffoldings 136
Cabinet making and panelling 136
Motor lorry and bus bodies 138
Railway carriages and wagons 139
Railway sleepers 140
Ship and boat building 141
11. COMPOSITE WOOD 144–168
Types of composite wood 144
Composite Wood 145
Contents ix
Plywood 145
Laminated wood 148
Fibre boards 150
Particle board 151
Core board 154
Sandwich board 154
Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) 155
Structural Composite Lumber 158
Glued Laminated Lumber (GLL) 158
Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) 161
Parallel strand lumber 161
Laminated strand lumber 162
Oriented strand board 163
Finger jointed lumber 163
12. WOOD ADHESIVES AND POLYMERS 169–176
Bonding theories and Mechanisms of Wood adhesives 169
Classification of adhesives 170
Natural Adhesives 170
Synthetic Adhesives 170
Thermosetting resins 170
Thermoplastics resins 171
Types of Adhesives 171
Reactive Adhesive 171
Non-reactive Adhesives 172
Polymers 175
Types of Polymers 175
Thermoplastics 175
Thermoset polymers 176
Elastomers 176
13. WOOD ENERGY 177–188
Biomass Gasification 177
Gasifiers 180
Fixed-bed gasifiers 180
Fluidized bed gasifiers 181
Entrained flow gasifiers 181
Rotary drum gasifiers 181
Application of Producer gas 182
Saccharification of Wood 182
Text book of Wood Products x and Utilization
Industrial Processes of Saccarification 183
Dilute-acid processes 183
Scholler process 184
Madison wood-sugar process 184
Concentrated-acid processes 184
Enzymatic Saccharification 185
Enzymatic Saccharification for Bioethanol Production 186
Enzymatic Saccharification for Biofuels and Bio-based
Chemicals 187
14. MISCELLANEOUS USES OF WOOD 189–194
Agricultural Implements 189
Boot- lasts And Shoe-Heels 189
Brushes and Brooms Handles 190
Carts and Carriages 191
Cooperage 193
Fence Posts 193
Musical Instruments 193
15. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WOOD 195–200
Scope of Nanotechnology in Forestry 195
Uses of Nanotechnology in Wood Products 196
Applications 197
Cellulose nanofiber in paper making 197
Nano cellulose as Reinforcement Material 197
Wood preservation by nanoparticles 197
Nanobiocides 198
Pest control 198
Fungi control 198
Wood Coating 198
Nanoindentation in Forest products 199
16. VALUE ADDITION TECHNOLOGY 201–215
Briquette Production Technology 201
Fundamental aspects of Briquetting 202
Briquetting Process Technology 205
Types of Briquettes 206
Biomass Briquettes 206
Sawdust Briquettes 206
Agro-waste Briquettes 207
Contents xi
Wood Briquettes 207
Use / Benefits of Briquettes 207
Biochar Technology 208
Methods of biochar production 208
Pyrolysis 209
Hydrothermal carbonization 210
Gasification 210
Torrefaction and flash carbonization 211
Application of Biochar 211
Activated Carbon technology 212
Activated carbon manufacturing industries in India 212
Preparation of Activated Carbon 212
Physical activation 212
Chemical Activation 214
Applications of Activated Carbon 214