After Independence, Constituent Assembly of India has taken several steps to protect the interests of the vast tribal population of India. Based on the Bhuria Committee Report, the PESA (Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act was passed by the Parliament keeping in view the welfare and socio-economic development of the tribals. The PESA Act gives radical governance powers to the tribal community and recognizes its traditional community rights over local natural resources. This Act has also made it mandatory for the states having Scheduled Areas to make specific provisions for giving a broad range of powers to the tribals on matters relating to decision-making and development of their community. However, actual implementation of the provisions lies with the states. It was expected that the PESA would lead to self-governance and empowerment of the people, but the implementation of PESA is far from satisfactory. This book is an attempt to grasp the profound impact of effective implementation of PESA, with special emphasis on the extremist affected districts which are characterized by a high degree of poverty, lack of infrastructure, illiteracy, exploitation and marginalization. Through various case studies, the book tries to discuss the diverse issues and concerns relevant for people-centric governance for removing the discontent among the tribal population and assuring them that they have equal stake in the progress of the country. This book will contribute to enhancing our understanding of PESA and add to the experience in designing inclusive and accountable local representative institutions. The book will be useful not only for policy makers but also for those who contribute to broader national and regional debates on addressing these common challenges.